1st. Week

In newly-born babies who do not start breathing despite thorough drying and additional stimulation, positive-pressure ventilation should be initiated within one minute after birth.
- In newly-born term or preterm (>32 weeks gestation) babies requiring positivepressure ventilation, ventilation should be initiated with air,using a self-inflating bag and mask.
- In newly-born babies requiring positive-pressure ventilation, adequacy of ventilation should be assessed by measurement of the heart rate after 60 seconds of ventilation with visible chest movements.

Immediately after birth, it is recommended to dry the baby and check if he/she is breathing or crying. When newborns do not breathe or do not cry spontaneously after complete drying, they should be stimulated by rubbing the back 2 to 3 times before the cord clamping. The drying procedure should be gentle, on the back, with a clean, dry compress.
If after rubbing the back 2 to 3 times the baby does not breathe or cry, clamping of the umbilical cord is recommended to initiate positive pressure-ventilation within the first postnatal minute.

Immediately after birth, it is recommended to dry the baby with a clean, dry compress, check that he/she is breathing or crying and place him/her on the skin of the mother's abdomen while waiting for the delayed clamping of the umbilical cord.
Routine nasal or oral suction should not be done for newborns who start breathing on their own after birth, unless secretions are observed. Suctioning of mouth or nose is not recommended in neonates born through liquor with meconium who start breathing on their own, nor tracheal suctioning

All newborns should be given 1 mg of vitamin K intramuscularly after birth. Early administration of vitamin K prevents early bleeding due to vitamin K deficiency (hemorrhagic disease of the newborn) and prevents subsequent bleeding. Vitamin K should be applied immediately after the first postnatal hour during which skin-to-skin contact and the onset of breastfeeding should have occurred.

Responsive care encompasses both sensitivity and responsiveness with which a young infant is assisted. Sensitivity is awareness, from birth, of a young child’s acts and vocalizations as communicative signals to indicate needs and wants. Responsiveness is the capacity of parents and caregivers to respond appropriately to these signals. Caregivers enable infants to participate in human communication and exchanges by playing their own part in the interaction as well as helping the infant engage.

Breastfeeding provides both short- and long-term benefits to the child and the mother.

For the child, breastfeeding provides optimal nutrition and reduces incidence of disease and death. Breastfeeding, particularly exclusive breastfeeding, protects children from diarrhea and pneumonia, the two leading causes of death among children under age five. Other infections, including otitis media, Haemophilus influenzae meningitis, and urinary tract infections, are less common and less severe in infants who are breastfed.

The Ten Steps involve changes in maternity services. Every facility providing maternity services
should have a breastfeeding policy and carry out structural changes and train all health care staff in skills necessary to implement this policy. They are aimed to protecting, promoting, and supporting breastfeeding in facilities that provide maternity services.

The Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) was launched in 1991 by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), with the goal of protecting, promoting, and supporting breastfeeding in facilities that provide maternity services, ensuring that the facilities follow the WHO/UNICEF “Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding” (the Ten Steps) and adhere to the 1981 International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes.

Nurturing Care refers to a stable environment created by parents and other caregivers that ensures, with policy, service and community support children's good health and nutrition, protects them from threats, and gives young children opportunities for early learning, through interactions that are emotionally supportive and responsive.
At birth, the nervous system of newborns, even after a full-term gestation, is not fully developed. The human brain continues to grow and develop postnatally at a rapid rate and becomes increasingly complex as growth progresses.

All infants should receive their first dose of hepatitis B vaccine as soon as possible after birth, preferably within 24 hours.
When not feasible, the birth dose can still be effective in preventing perinatal transmission if given within 7 days, particularly within 3 days, although somewhat less than if given within 24 hours, but with declining effectiveness with each passing day. Even after 7 days, a late birth dose can be effective in preventing horizontal transmission and therefore remains beneficial.